Italy (Lombardy)

The Iron Crown of Lombardy

2692

Crafted during the early medieval period, with modern scientific and art-historical analyses pointing to a composite history: the inner iron ring dates from the 4th to 8th century AD (Late Antique/Lombard era), while the outer gold plates and gem settings underwent a major restructuring or creation in the 8th to 9th century AD (Carolingian era), with later medieval repairs.

Served as one of the most prestigious regalia items of medieval Europe, used historically for the coronation of Kings of Italy and Holy Roman Emperors, symbolizing supreme Christian sovereignty and divine mandate.