Portugal (Lisbon)

Jerónimos Monastery (Lisbon): Lower Arcade Frieze, Foliate Balustrade, and Armillary Sphere Spandrels

2565

Designed and commenced in the early 16th century by Diogo de Boitaca, continued by João de Castilho from 1517 onwards, and finally completed between 1540 and 1541 by Diogo de Torralva, representing the height of the Manueline (Portuguese Late Gothic / Renaissance Transitional) period.

Architecturally, this structural spandrel and balustrade assembly divides the lower gallery level while providing structural rigidity and aesthetic grandeur to the courtyard. Symbolically, the armillary sphere serves as the personal emblem of King Manuel I, representing global navigation and imperial sovereignty.